The Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Opportunistic Infections in Adults and Adolescents with HIV have been updated. 

Cystoisosporiasis (formerly Isosporiasis)   

• Updated the epidemiology information, including adding new regions endemic for Cystoisospora belli
• Updated the diagnosis section, including new information on the use of polymerase chain reaction, or PCR, for diagnosing cystoisosporiasis
• Provided more detailed recommendations regarding the use of primary prophylaxis
• Updated preferred and alternative regimens for treatment and chronic maintenance therapy

Human Herpesvirus-8 Disease 

• Provided more detailed information on diagnosing diseases associated with human herpesvirus-‍8 (HHV-8)
• Updated recommended treatment regimens for Kaposi sarcoma (KS), multicentric Castleman’s disease, primary effusion lymphoma, and HHV-8 diffuse large B-cell lymphoma
• Added information on the treatment of KS inflammatory cytokine syndrome

Table 6 

• Updated to incorporate clinical discretion when adjusting doses of lamivudine and emtricitabine for renal insufficiency, now aligning with dosing recommendations found in the Adult and Adolescent Antiretroviral Guidelines from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services

These guidelines are published in an electronic format and updated as change occurs in prevention and treatment science. All updates are developed by the subject matter groups listed in Appendix B. Guideline updates are reviewed by scientific content experts. 

For a list of recent updates, please see What's New in the Guidelines. To view or download the guidelines, go to the Adult and Adolescent Opportunistic Infections Guidelines section of the Clinicalinfo website. The guidelines tables and recommendations also can be downloaded as separate PDF files.  

Clinicalinfo welcomes your feedback on the latest revisions to the Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Opportunistic Infections in Adults and Adolescents with HIV. Please send your comments with the subject line “Adult and Adolescent Opportunistic Infection Guidelines” to HIVinfo@NIH.gov by May 7, 2025.