AFFORDABILITY OF HCSTC LOANS
The FCA has today (15 October) issued the following letter to lenders
offering high-cost short-term credit (payday lenders)
Dear CEO,
Firms should take prompt action to:
•Assess their lending activity to determine whether creditworthiness
assessments are compliant. If deficiencies are found firms should take remedial
action to ensure on-going lending activity is compliant and consider whether
proactive redress may be required; and
•Inform the FCA if they are unable (now or in the future) to meet their
financial commitments because of any remediation costs.
I am writing to you regarding the
issues surrounding the increase in complaints about unaffordable lending
(including complaints about a ‘chain’ of loans over an extended period) and to
set out how we expect HCSTC firms to manage the impact.
Firms’ complaint-handling
procedures should ensure that they can improve the way in which they handle
complaints, in the light of relevant determinations by the Financial Ombudsman
Service (‘the Ombudsman’) of complaints about the firm.
We note that the Ombudsman has
recently published four examples of determinations of individual complaints
about payday loans to illustrate its approach to the issues raised in those
complaints (see: https://www.financial-ombudsman.org.uk/publications/technical.htm).
If relevant, firms should take these examples of determinations into account as
part of establishing their own effective procedures for complaints handling
(see DISP 1.3.1R).
Where firms identify recurring or
systemic problems in their provision of a financial service, which could
include problems in relation to the carrying out of affordability assessments,
the firms should ascertain the scope and severity of the consumer detriment
that might have arisen, and consider whether it is fair and reasonable for the
firm to proactively undertake a redress or remediation exercise, which may
include contacting customers who have not complained. In this regard firms are
reminded of the requirement in DISP 1.3.3R which requires firms to analyse the
root causes of complaints and, if necessary, to correct such root causes, i.e.
lending practices.
We also remind you that where the
Ombudsman makes an award or direction, such as a requirement to reimburse
customers, firms must comply promptly.
We expect firms to make
appropriate provision for any remediation which may be required, including
associated costs (for example, fees to the Ombudsman). If doing so calls into
question your firm’s ability both now and in the future to meet its financial
commitments as they fall due, you must notify the FCA immediately.
We are also taking the
opportunity to remind you of our requirements in respect of affordable lending.
We expect the firm to review its current lending processes to ensure it is
fully compliant with our rules in CONC. If the firm identifies that its
processes do not comply, it should take appropriate steps to address this,
which may include considering whether to cease lending until any contraventions
are remedied. If the firm becomes aware or has information which reasonably
suggests that there are significant breaches of our rules, it must inform the
FCA immediately. The firm should explain what steps it plans to take to address
the issue.
We would highlight in particular
the risks in relation to repeat borrowing. These were flagged in our price cap
proposals in CP14/10, in July 2014, in which we said that we were concerned
that repeat borrowing could indicate a pattern of dependency on HCSTC that is
harmful to the borrower. We noted that rigorous affordability assessments were
key to avoiding harm in this area, and firms should ensure they are making
responsible assessments of the sustainability of borrowing.
We have recently published a
policy statement (PS18/19) with amended rules and guidance on assessing
affordability in consumer credit. These come into force on 1 November. The new
rules clarify our expectations, but they do not fundamentally alter the
requirements that firms have had to comply with since we took over regulation
of consumer credit in 2014. Firms will, though, need to review their policies
and procedures, and how these have been implemented, to ensure that they are
compliant, and can evidence this. They should also keep their policies and
procedures under review to monitor compliance on an ongoing basis.
A summary of our new rules and
guidance is in the Annex to this letter.
Yours faithfully,
Jonathan Davidson
Director of Supervision – Retail
and Authorisations
ANNEX – OUR AFFORDABILITY REQUIREMENTS
Our current requirements on
assessing creditworthiness (including affordability) in consumer credit are set
out in CONC 5.2 and 5.3 (and CONC 6.2 in relation to credit increases).
In addition, there are rules and
guidance in CONC 6.7 in relation to the refinancing of agreements, and in CONC
7 in relation to the treatment of customers in default or arrears. CONC 6.7.22G
confirms that a firm should not enter into consecutive agreements for high-cost
short-term credit (HCSTC) if the cumulative effect would be that the total
amount payable by the customer is not sustainable.
PS18/19, published on 30 July,
sets out our new CONC rules and guidance on assessing creditworthiness
including affordability. These come into force on 1 November 2018, and clarify
our expectations of firms, building on the current rules. As noted in CP17/27,
we did not undertake a cost benefit analysis (CBA) in relation to the new rules
as we concluded that any increase in costs for firms would be limited to those
needed to bring the firm into compliance with the current regulatory regime, or
would be of only minimal significance.
A key element of the new rules is
an increased emphasis on adequate policies and procedures, and being able to
demonstrate compliance if challenged.
What we expect of firms
As under the existing CONC rules,
PS18/19 makes clear that lenders must undertake a reasonable assessment of
creditworthiness, based on sufficient information, before entering into a
regulated agreement or increasing significantly the amount of credit or the
credit limit.
In particular, lenders must
consider ‘affordability risk’ – which we define as the risk to the borrower of
not being able to make repayments under the agreement in accordance with CONC
5.2A.12R. A firm must not make a loan unless it can demonstrate that it has,
before doing so, undertaken a compliant creditworthiness assessment and had
proper regard to the outcome of that assessment in making a judgement about
affordability risk.
The lender must consider the
customer’s ability to make repayments out of income:
•without the customer having to
borrow to meet the repayments
•without failing to make any
other payment the customer has a contractual or statutory obligation to make,
and
•without the repayments having a
significant adverse impact on the customer’s financial situation
The firm must take reasonable
steps to establish or estimate the customer’s income, unless it can demonstrate
that it is obvious in the circumstances that the customer is able to repay in
an affordable manner, in accordance with CONC 5.2A.12R. The firm must take into
account any reasonably foreseeable likely reduction in income over the term of
the agreement.
Where income is taken into
account, the firm must also take reasonable steps to establish or estimate the
customer’s non-discretionary expenditure, unless it can demonstrate that it is
obvious in the circumstances that this is unlikely to have a material impact on
affordability risk. The firm must take into account any reasonably foreseeable
likely increase in non-discretionary expenditure over the term of the
agreement.
CONC 5.2A.20R states that the
extent and scope of a creditworthiness assessment, and the steps the firm must
take to satisfy the requirement that the assessment is a reasonable one, will
be dependent upon, and proportionate to, the individual circumstances.
In particular, the firm must
consider the nature and content of information to use in the assessment,
whether and to what extent to verify the accuracy of information, and the degree
of evaluation and analysis of the information, having regard to relevant
factors. These will include the type and amount of credit, the amounts of the
repayments and any potential adverse consequences of non-payment. In
particular, a more rigorous assessment may be needed, the higher the actual or
potential costs of the credit and the total amount payable, in absolute terms
and relative to the customer’s financial circumstances where known.
The firm should have regard to
information of which it is aware at the time of the assessment that the
customer is in, or has recently experienced, or is likely to experience,
financial difficulties, or is particularly vulnerable. Where the firm has
regard to information from previous dealings with the customer, it should
consider whether to update it.
This is in line with our current
approach. For example, CONC 5.2.3G notes that the extent and scope of an
assessment should be dependent upon, and proportionate to, relevant factors
which may include the customer’s financial position and their credit history,
including any indications that the customer is experiencing or has experienced
financial difficulties.
Where a customer has engaged in
repeat borrowing over an extended period, this is likely to be relevant in assessing
the level of affordability risk and deciding whether a more rigorous assessment
may be needed, potentially involving additional data and/or verification.
Where further data or
verification is needed, our rules are not prescriptive about the content of the
data or the manner of the verification, provided that the firm can demonstrate
they are sufficient, in light of the indicators of affordability risk in the
individual case, to form the basis of a reasonable and proportionate
creditworthiness assessment. However, when considering current income, it is
not generally sufficient to rely on self-certification by the customer.
We make clear in PS18/19 that
firms must establish, implement and maintain clear and effective policies and
procedures to enable compliance with our rules. They must assess and
periodically review the effectiveness of their policies and procedures, and the
firm’s compliance, and take appropriate measures to address any deficiencies
identified.
Firms must also maintain a record
of each transaction where a regulated credit agreement is entered into,
sufficient to demonstrate that a creditworthiness assessment has been carried
out and this was reasonable and in compliance with CONC. This must be
sufficient to enable the FCA to monitor the firm’s compliance.
While we recognise that that
there will always be some loans that turn out to be unaffordable, for example
because of the impact of unforeseen circumstances, firms maintaining effective
policies and procedures in line with the above requirements should aim to
eliminate lending that is predictably unaffordable, minimising the risk of
financial distress to consumers.
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