Canine influenza
What is it?
A highly contagious respiratory infection of dogs caused by
an Influenza A virus. The first strain in the United States was identified in
2004 and a subsequent multi-state outbreak occurred in 2015. Infections are
typically seen in places where dogs congregate and canine influenza has been
detected in most states. Cornell University’s College of Veterinary Medicine
tracks the latest cases in the U.S. and you can follow this link to
view a map. The map data represents reported test results from veterinary
diagnostic laboratories participating in the canine influenza Virus (CIV)
Surveillance Network.
How is it transmitted?
The virus spreads through aerosolized droplets (coughing or sneezing)
from infected dogs or direct contact with contaminated surfaces. Keep in mind,
affected dogs may not exhibit clinical signs and still actively shed virus. Dogs
frequently exposed to other dogs or areas where dogs are regularly present are
at greater risk. Studies have confirmed that shedding can occur for up to 24
days. Influenza A viruses typically remain viable in the environment for less
than 48 hours. Humans handling both infected and healthy dogs can greatly
contribute to disease spread.
What are the clinical signs?
A mild cough, low grade fever anorexia, lethargy, fever,
sneezing, nasal discharge, and/or dyspnea. Dogs may develop a more severe form
presenting with a high grade fever and tachypnea and may develop a secondary
pneumonia. Signs typically appear within one to five days after a dog is
infected.
How is it treated?
Treatment is supportive and dependent on the dog’s condition
and symptoms.
Is there a risk to people?
To date, there has been no documented evidence of transmission
of canine influenza virus from dogs to people. In 2016 there was documented
evidence of spread of H3N2 canine influenza from infected dogs to cats. People
should still exercise caution around sick dogs to avoid unnecessary risks.
How can it be prevented?
Vaccines are commercially available. Although, vaccinated
dogs should not have contact with other dogs or exposure to areas that dogs
typically frequent for a minimum of 21 days after vaccination. Veterinarians
should advise clients about prevention based on potential risk of exposure. Many
disinfectants inactivate the virus including bleach, antimicrobial detergents
and common household cleansers. Influenza viruses can spread the most when
animals are in close contact, therefore, isolation of sick dogs is paramount.
Kennels, bowls, toys and other items should be disinfected to reduce the risk
of spreading the virus.
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