Insect & Disease Conditions Update
Welcome all to the first issue of the 2016 Forest and Shade Tree Insect and Disease Condition Reports. A printer-friendly version of the report is available from the Conditions Report Index. In this Report:
As in past years,
diagnostic assistance for forest and shade trees and other woody ornamentals
will be available from our insect and disease clinic, along with our Conditions Reports. Presently our ability to support disease
diagnosis is limited as the forest pathologist position has not been
filled. The process of hiring a new
pathologist is under way, but how long the vacancy will remain is still very
much up in the air. Cooperative
extension pathologist Dave Lambert has agreed to assist with diagnosis. We can
do some triage, but may ultimately refer you to Dave.
We ask you to be
vigilant and to report to us any observations on tree insects and diseases of
concern to you. We appreciate your willingness,
expertise and commitment to help keep our trees and forests healthy, and look
forward to working with you this season.
Laboratory Hours
Our
business hours for 2016 will be 7:30 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. Monday through Friday,
except for holidays. However, due to a
very busy field schedule, we may not be able to staff the Insect and Disease
Lab at all times. If you call our Lab and receive no answer, please call back
another time. And if you plan to visit the Lab, you may wish to call ahead just
to make sure someone will be present to meet with you.
If you
have questions on insect and disease pests of trees, you can submit a clinic
form directly on-line at http://maine.gov/dacf/mfs/forest_health/tree_ailment.html. We
will also accept samples mailed in to our Lab in Augusta. Our street address and location remains the
same (50 Hospital Street, Augusta); our mailing address is 168 State House Station, Augusta, 04333-0168. Lastly, we have attached the following items
to this report for your use: Advice and Technical Assistance Sheet; Insect
& Disease Diagnostic and Report Form.
Insect and Disease Management Staff Notes
Forest Pathologist Dr. William Ostrofsky
retired at the end of October 2015. He
began work as the forest pathologist for the Maine Forest Service in September
2006, bringing with him detailed knowledge of and a wealth of experience in the
subject. Even while the cold of winter
kept inquiries regarding fungal pathogens to a minimum, his presence was
missed.
Amy Ouellette joined us in September 2015 as a
Conservation Aide out of the lab in Augusta.
Among other projects, she has helped out in counting samples from the
spruce budworm survey; surveying for winter moths and browntail webs,
conducting equipment inventories and working on maintenance of the insect
collection. Amy has insect survey
experience from previous contract work with the Department of Agriculture Conservation
& Forestry and diverse fieldwork experiences from previous employment. We’re happy to have her assistance in the
division.
Forest
Entomologist Allison Kanoti transferred to Maine Forest Service Old Town office
in September 2015. New contact
information is below:
E-mail: allison.m.kanoti@maine.gov
Phone: (207) 827-1813
Fax: (207) 827-8441
Mailing address: MFS, PO Box 415, Old Town, ME 04468
Physical address: 87 Airport Road
 Browntail
Moth (Euproctis chrysorrhoea) – Unfortunately this year is going to be a
banner year for browntail moth. Populations have increased over last year’s
numbers and spread further afield.
Photo: Overwintering web of browntail moth. Inset: Caterpillars within a web. (Maine
Forest Service)
Winter webs of
browntail moth glisten in the sun this time of year. Look for them in southern Maine at the tips
of host branches including oaks, apples, birches, cherries, hawthorns, roses
and other hardwoods. The caterpillars will
be starting to come out of their webs on warm days looking for expanding buds. Exposure to caterpillar hairs, even those
from the previous year, can cause dermatitis and other health problems in sensitive
individuals. Browntail moth larva feed on the new foliage in the spring and can
cause branch dieback and sometimes tree mortality after repeated years of
defoliation.
Winter web counts were again highest in parts
of Bowdoinham, Bath, Topsham, West Bath, Woolwich (Sagadahoc County) Brunswick,
Freeport and Harpswell (Cumberland County) this year. The infestation is
expanding south into Yarmouth and Cumberland (Cumberland County) and east into
Wiscasset, Edgecomb and Boothbay (Lincoln County) and beyond.
We have seen pockets of infestation, some of
them heavy, in other locations from Turner (Androscoggin County) to Waterville
(Kennebec County) to Bristol (Lincoln County) to Kittery (York County). These
spot infestations take less staff time, but if they are in your backyard they
are noteworthy. A map of known risk of
browntail moth exposure is available online.
Note that this map reflects an average of reported or detected
town-level risk and may not reflect conditions in your backyard.
Small infestations can
often be managed by clipping webs. Clip
and destroy webs before the end of April (this is a fine winter activity when
the woodstove is humming and the caterpillars are huddled in their webs, but a
bucket of soapy water also works well).
Pesticides are necessary to manage larger infestations. We have a list of licensed pesticide
applicators that treat browntail moth and other pests of trees and shrubs
available on-line or by request.
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 Eastern Tent Caterpillar (Malacosoma americanum) – Watch for the developing tents of these hairy caterpillars in cherries and apples in late-April and early-May in southern Maine (later as you move farther north). In Maine this is a pest of significance in orchards and backyard fruit trees and, from an aesthetic perspective, on ornamental trees. It does not significantly impact forest health. You can look for and destroy egg masses of this caterpillar. But also monitor valued ornamental and fruit trees for developing tents and consider removing them when they are small.
Photo: An eastern tent caterpillar egg mass with recently-hatched larvae. (Maine Forest Service)
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 Emerald
Ash Borer (Agrilus planipennis) – Emerald ash borer (EAB) has not yet
been found in Maine. Purple trap surveys,
biosurveillance sampling, trap tree processing and public reports have all
yielded negative results in Maine. EAB
has been found nearby in Massachusetts and New Hampshire.
Photo: Woodpecker feeding activity caused "blonde" patches on this emerald ash borer infested ash. (Maine Forest Service)
Even though this
destructive insect has been found on our doorstep, it is still too early to be
treating specimen ash with pesticides to protect from this pest. Experts recommend holding off treatment until
the EAB is within 10-15 miles of the trees in question. In the meantime, resources are better spent
on inventorying ash and survey and monitoring for the pest.
Ash phenology gives us a great opportunity to conduct surveys as hardwood leaves emerge. Ash are among the last to leaf out (black locust is another slow-poke), and because of this characteristic are easily recognized after other hardwood leaves have flushed. An ash inventory can be as simple as a
windshield survey to determine whether you have boatloads of ash to worry about
or just a few. For more in-depth inventories, consider
recording location, size, value and likely management approach for each
tree. If you are going to remove an ash when
it gets infested, you might want to consider pro-active removal, especially for
large trees which will produce huge broods of beetles. Check out the nhbugs.org site on EAB, for
some succinct advice on preparing for this pest in areas more than 10 miles
from known infestations.
Visual surveys can be conducted this time of
year. Symptoms to look for include
increased woodpecker activity, bark splits and excessive shoots. Signs such as larval tunneling, larvae or pupae
may also be found in infested trees.
After leaf out be on the lookout for crown thinning as well. Adult beetle activity is not generally
expected until early to mid-June, in southern Maine. Later this year, consider participating in our
trap tree network or conducting biosurveillance in your town.
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 Gypsy Moth (Lymantria dispar) – Significant
defoliation by gypsy moth hit southern New England in 2015. Maine was out of
the bulls-eye, but this is a pest worth watching.
Photo: Gypsy moth egg mass on red pine. (Maine Forest Service)
Now is a good time to search for egg masses of
gypsy moth around prized landscape trees and shrubs. Masses you find can be scraped into a bucket
of soapy water. When pin cherries are in
bloom, the caterpillars will be hatching.
In southern Maine we should see
them begin to hatch within the next couple weeks. Look for them soon if you intend to destroy
them.
If you find gypsy moth egg masses (or larvae
later in the spring) in the northern ends of Oxford, Franklin, Somerset,
Piscataquis or Aroostook County, please report your find, including the
location and photos if possible to our office.
An expansion of the quarantine area for this pest is planned—it takes a
fair amount of resources to make the change, so we’d like to have the best
possible picture of where the pest is established.
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Hemlock
Woolly Adelgid (Adelges tsugae) – Hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA) has been
found in forests along the coast from Kittery to Camden.
Infested ornamental trees have been found and treated farther
afield.
We have entered the time of year when hemlock
woolly adelgid can be spread on items other than live hemlocks. Eggs and crawlers are out and can be
transferred to hemlocks in new areas. If you are working in both infested and
uninfested areas, try to begin your day in uninfested sites, and end in
infested sites. To avoid spreading this
pest to new locations, clean clothing and equipment before moving from infested
areas to uninfested areas.
Hemlock branch material from quarantined areas
is regulated. Chipped material must stay
inside the quarantine or be moved in an enclosed vehicle to a facility with a
permit to receive regulated hemlock.
Roundwood can be shipped freely outside of the quarantine area, but must
be free from branches.
HWA winter mortality assessments were conducted in
early March this year for a project in cooperation with Tom McAvoy at Virginia
Tech. Mortality ranged from 91% to 99% across five sites, and averaged 96%. This
is up from 2014-2015 when the range was from 83% to 98% and the average was 93%. This may come as a surprise, as this winter
was mild in comparison to last. However
the timing of extreme warm and cold in early February may have played an
important role in increasing mortality of this pest. The good news is, infested
trees should experience a reprieve from heavy attack, and spread of this insect
should be slowed. Unfortunately, populations
of adelgid building from this winter’s survivors may be more tolerant to winter
cold than previous generations.
HWA Winter Mortality for Winters of 2014-2015 and 2015-2016
2015-2016 Average: 95.9% Range: 90.6% -99.0% N= 2403 (100 live /2303 dead)
York: 2015-93.4; 2016-90.6
South Berwick: 2015-97.1; 2016-99.0
Cape Elizabeth: 2015-92.5; 2016-95.8
Freeport: 2015-83.6; 2016-97.8
Bath: 2015-97.7; 2016-96.4
Spring treatments may not be necessary for trees that are being
treated with non-systemic materials.
Adelgid wool can be persistent, be sure to check for live adelgid before
conducting foliar applications. If you
run your finger down a twig with live adelgid, it will be stained red from
their hemolymph. Hemolymph of dead
adelgids quickly turns brown, and then dries.
Springtails (Collembola) – Springtails are small,
soft-bodied primitive insects. In most
situations, they are not pest species. Springtails thrive in
moist places and generally feed on decaying plant matter, fungi, bacteria and
other organic matter. They are abundant;
one estimate is that a cubic meter of soil holds about 100,000
springtails. Most are seldom seen by
casual observers, snowfleas are an exception.
They frequently aggregate in impressive swarms during winter and spring
thaws and other ideal (read “moist”) conditions. Swarms are short lived and usually don't
last more than a few days. Captivating
macro-footage of springtails can be found on-line at:
https://vimeo.com/147126953.
This winter we received many reports of masses of
springtails—some in shovel-able quantities.
Unfortunately, several reports came in a “shoot first, ask questions
later” fashion—chemicals had already been applied to the “offending” swarm
before identification of the organism. A
keystone of pest management is to identify the organism to be managed—what
you’re looking at might not be a pest at all!
As for springtails, management outside the immediate home
environment really is not necessary.
However, keeping areas around building foundations and entrances free of
rotting debris including decaying mulch and leaves and reducing moisture around
the building can limit swarming around the home and prevent infiltration into
the home. If they do make it inside, snowfleas
or springtails are not likely to survive long in a dry indoor environment. Persistent populations of springtails within
homes should be addressed with moisture control, not chemical control.
Spruce Budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana) – The
final draft of an initial spruce budworm risk assessment and response plan for
Maine was released in March by the Spruce Budworm Task Force. The report is available on-line at www.sprucebudwormmaine.org. Some key recommendations for forest
landowners and managers, along with commentary, are included below—more details
are available in the full report.
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Participate in monitoring efforts such as moth trapping.
> A cooperative trapping effort involving more than 20 land owners and
managers was instituted following the formation of the task force in 2013. This system has worked very well and has
expanded the trap network considerably. A report on the 2015 spruce budworm
program, including the cooperative monitoring project can be found online. Participants in the 2014 and 2015 trapping network continue to be committed to the program. Their contribution is greatly
appreciated.
> Maine joined the Healthy Forest Partnership Budworm Tracker Program in
2016. Volunteers
will trap and collect spruce budworm moths one or more times a week during the
moth flight season, and send the data and moths back to the research team. The response to the request for Maine volunteers
was terrific! At this point they are near or at capacity for our area.
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Regularly communicate to understand how the infestation is moving.
> A new avenue for communication is available. In addition to information available in these
bulletins and other division publications, updates will be posted on the Spruce
Budworm Task Force website and their Facebook page.
- Map location, condition, and concentration of high-risk stands on
forestlands.
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Adapt harvest activities before or as early as possible into the
outbreak to reduce the area of high-risk stands.
>Landowners have been encouraged to harvest stands with a significant
component of merchantable fir and white spruce before the outbreak builds. A challenge to this approach in recent months
has been dwindling markets. However, the
recommendation remains to continue to try to reduce risk across the landscape
where markets are available.
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Prepare for the possibility of applying insecticide to protect foliage
in high-risk and high-value stands not ready for harvest.
>People have already begun to ask what this might look like in Maine in
the coming outbreak. The most succinct
response is true for the coming budworm outbreak as a whole—it will be
different from the last outbreak! Changes include: effective,
targeted insecticides that were not fully developed at the time of the last
outbreak are now available; new application technologies allow more
intricate spray blocks to be delineated and treated; there will not be a
state-run spray program.
- Prepare to salvage dead and dying trees when they occur.
White Pine Weevil (Pissodes strobi) - Host
trees of the white pine weevil include, as one might guess, white pine, but the
beetle also has a taste for other pines and spruces. Often the calls we get from homeowners are
regarding favorite blue spruces damaged by the beetle. Larval feeding can kill the host’s leader
(terminal shoot), causing loss of apical dominance, and can lead to development
of a shrubby tree.
In southern Maine temperatures are already
high enough to trigger emergence of white pine weevil adults from their winter
homes in the duff beneath their host trees. The adults climb up the host trunks
and feed on the terminal shoots. Soon
after, females will deposit eggs in the terminal shoots. Eggs hatch within a couple weeks and the
larvae chew their way downward, cutting off the conductive tissue of the shoot
and causing the shoot to wither and die.
Host leaders can be protected from attack by
physical barriers and pesticides. A
protective sleeve made from a nylon stocking and a twist tie is an easy,
low-tech approach to preventing attack in small ornamental trees. Fasten the stocking before temperatures climb
above 60 degrees Fahrenheit in the spring, and remove it before shoot
elongation. See the early season guide
for information regarding chemical controls.
See also: http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/fidls/wp_weevil/weevil.htm.
 Winter Moth (Operophtera brumata) –The
tiny caterpillars of winter moth are starting to hatch and mine the buds of hardwood
trees. The easiest way to track down the
larvae at this stage is to inspect host buds for silk and specks of frass. Wait a few weeks, and the signature feeding
damage will be evident on expanded host leaves.
Like the cuts in a paper snowflake, the larval bites make holes through
several layers of leaf tissue, giving the unfurled leaves a Swiss cheese
appearance. Caterpillars will finish
feeding by the end of May or early-June and drop to the soil to pupate.
Photo: First instar
winter moth caterpillar on an expanding maple bud. (Maine Forest Service)
Surveys and reports of adult winter moths
flying in December of 2015 indicate that winter moth numbers are up. Warm
temperatures and no snow/ice cover allowed the moths to easily mate and lay
eggs. Expect defoliation this year in places that have had winter moth in the
past and extending into surrounding areas.
Places with significant number of moths caught
or reported were Eliot, Kittery, South Berwick, York (York County), Cape
Elizabeth, Harpswell, Portland, South Portland (Cumberland County), Bath, Georgetown
(Sagadahoc County), Boothbay Harbor (Lincoln), Friendship, Saint George , Thomaston, Vinalhaven (Knox County), and Mount
Desert (Hancock County). A risk map for winter moth can be found on-line.
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Winter moth eggs that are exposed on trees can
be killed with horticultural oil that suffocates the eggs. Oil should be
applied in very late winter or very early spring when temperatures are above
45° F. Avoid applying oil when
temperatures may dip below freezing for 24-48 hours after application. (Cold
greatly increase the risk of causing injury to the plant (phytotoxicity).) Also cool and cloudy weather can delay drying
time and increase the potential for injury.
Eggs that are protectively hidden within
crevices and under lichen will not be covered by the spray nor killed. Where
there is heavy winter moth pressure the oil sprays will most likely only
achieve limited results; eggs are deposited virtually everywhere on trees and
shrubs and new caterpillars will quickly migrate from untreated areas to the
oil-treated plants.
Once the larvae
hatch and leaves begin to expand in early May trees can be treated with the
biological insecticide Bacillus thuringiensis (kurstaki) (B.t.k). B.t.k. works
best on young larvae; older ones are much less affected. For older larvae use a spinosad product. As a
last resort a conventional insecticide such as a permethrin is effective
against winter moth larvae.
The biological control tachinid fly, Cyzenis albicans, has been released in
Kittery, Vinalhaven, Harpswell, Cape Elizabeth and Portland (Peaks Island) since
2013. We hope some of the winter moth larvae will eat parasitic fly eggs. For those
unlucky ones, the fly will develop within the winter moth cocoon, and prevent
the winter moth from developing to adulthood. We will continue to release
parasites where winter moth populations are high enough to support the control
agent.
(The following
material is gleaned from past reports contributed by William Ostrofsky)
Needle Diseases of Hard
Pines – Early spring is the appropriate time to use fungicides to manage several
pathogens. Sphaeropsis (= Diplodia) tip blight of red,
Austrian, and Scots pine, and Sirococcus shoot blight (Sirococcus conigenus) of native and exotic species of hard pines
are perennial problems. Protection of the new, current-season growth with
fungicides can provide effective control. Specifics for several of the
most important diseases are listed in the Early Season Guide to Pest Management in Maine.
The new growth (foliage,
needles, and shoots) needs to be treated with the appropriate fungicide before
infection occurs. This usually requires an application shortly after
budbreak, and again ten days to two weeks later, to protect the new growth as
tissues expand. Timing of the first application varies from year to year,
depending on local seasonal temperatures. Weekly observations of buds
from late April through May will allow tailoring fungicide application timing to
maximize effectiveness.
Spruce Needlecast – Wet spring seasons also provide
ideal conditions for the intensification of Rhizosphaera needlecast
infection on spruce, especially in landscape situations. The fungal pathogen (Rhizosphaera kalkhoffii) causes most
significant damage to white and Colorado blue spruces, but other spruce species
may be affected. Most frequently
affected are border plantings of larger spruce, where trees provide a screen
between abutting properties, but solitary trees may be affected as well.
Symptoms typically develop from the bottom interior of the crown and slowly
advance in an upward direction. Infected
older needles turn a purplish-brown, and are shed first. Often, only the tips of the branches retain
needles.
For effective control, at least two
applications of fungicide are required; at half-needle elongation of newly
emerging shoots, and again when needles are fully elongated. Fungicides will protect only the new,
current-season shoots and foliage, so annual treatments over two or three years
may be required to fully restore a dense, full tree crown.
White Pine Blister Rust (Cronartium ribicola) – Early spring is an ideal time to scout the
woodlot for currants and gooseberries (plants in the genus Ribes), which
serve as a host for the fungus which causes white pine blister
rust. Ribes plants are some of the first vegetation to
leaf out in early spring, thereby becoming easily located for removal or
treatment.
Ribes plants, the primary host
of white pine blister rust, will be one of the first understory plants to leaf
out, usually by mid-April in southern Maine. There are several native
species common throughout Maine. Because foliage of most other forest
vegetation has not yet emerged, early spring is an ideal time to scout for Ribes
plants. Located plants can be treated now (physically removed or treated
with herbicide), or “flagged” for treatment at a later date. Ribes
spp. eradication from around white pine stands has been an effective control
measure for this disease since the practice was first initiated in Maine around
1918. Removal of all Ribes species within 900 – 1000 feet of susceptible
pines or pine stands will greatly reduce the likelihood of infection of white
pine by the white pine blister rust pathogen.
Some other New England
states and New York have allowed the cultivation of Ribes specifically bred to be
resistant or immune to the disease.
However, a more virulent strain of the pathogen was discovered in 2011
in New England, and cultivars of Ribes
once resistant or immune are now susceptible, and pose a significant risk of
spreading the disease to white pines.
The importation,
possession, planting, and culture of currants, gooseberries,
Jostaberries, Worcesterberries and all other species of Ribes
is prohibited by law in the quarantine area of Maine. In addition, the importation,
possession, planting, and culture of any Ribes nigrum (European black
currant) or its varieties or cultivars is prohibited throughout
the entire state.
From
the Maine Center for Disease Control & Prevention:
Tick Watch
Spring
is here, so it’s time to think about the outdoors and proper protection against
ticks. Maine had 1,171 cases of Lyme disease reported in 2015. May is Lyme
Disease Awareness Month and we want to remind you the importance of daily tick
checks and encourage the “tick watch” prevention strategy.
Ticks
are primarily active in warmer months. Lyme disease is a bacterial infection
that is caused by a bite from an infected deer tick (Ixodes scapularis). In Maine, Lyme disease is most common in adults
65 and over and children between the ages of 5 and 15, but anyone can get the
disease. Individuals who work or play outside are more likely to be exposed to
ticks. The most common and visible symptom of Lyme disease is a red bulls-eye
rash that grows and appears within 3-30 days of exposure. Other symptoms may
include fevers, and joint or muscle pain. Lyme disease is treatable and most
individuals recover completely with a proper drugs.
However,
the easiest way to avoid the disease is prevention, using “No Ticks 4 ME”:
- Use caution in tick infested areas
- Wear protective clothing
- Use an EPA approved repellant
- Perform daily tick checks after any outdoor activity
A
tick must be attached for a minimum of 24 hours before the infection can be
passed on, further stressing the need for prompt and proper tick removal. If
you are bitten by a tick, or work in a known tick habitat, watch for symptoms
for up to 30 days, and call a healthcare provider if symptoms develop.
Deer
ticks can transmit not only Lyme disease, but also two other tick-borne
infections that are present in Maine: anaplasmosis and babesiosis. Babesiosis
cases increased in 2015 and cases of Anaplasmosis remained steady. The majority
of tick-borne illnesses occur during the summer months when ticks and humans
are active outdoors.
Remember
that the deer tick (Ixodes scapularis)
is the only tick that can transmit Lyme disease, but there are other species of
ticks throughout the state. Tick identification references are available to
order online at Maine CDC’s website. The University of Maine Cooperative
Extension Tick ID Lab offers free identification services and educational
resources.
Additional
information:
Trees in
Trouble will air on public
television - Maine WCBB World
Channel - as part of Earth Day
and Arbor Day programming. “The documentary
film Trees in Trouble tells the story of America's urban and community forests: their
history, their growing importance to our health, economy and environment - and
the serious threats they now face. Through stories of everyday people on the
frontlines of change, the film will show how community-wide efforts can save
and protect our urban forests for future generations. Designed for audiences of
all ages, Trees in Trouble inspires
viewers to take action, and points towards first steps.”—National Public
Broadcasting System
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Tues. April
26 9:30pm
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Wed. April 27 1:30am, 9:30am, 3:30pm
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Sat. April 30 11:30pm
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Sun. May 1 10:30am, 6:30pm
A Homeowner's Guide to Managing Ticks, Maine IPM Council, Pre-registration is
required! Register on-line or call (207) 287-2731
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May
4th , 2016, Noon, Maine Audubon's Gilsland Farm
Environmental Center, Falmouth, ME
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May 4th, 2016, 6:00 PM, Mather Auditorium at Wells Reserve, Wells, ME
Invasive
Forest Pests Workshops, Maine Association of Conservation Districts
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May 4, 2016
(Wed) 10am – noon at Bath Forestry Division, 4 Sheridan Ave, Bath. 12:30-1:30:
Possible field visit to community forest depending on status of logging. FMI
and to register: Androscoggin Valley SWCD, 753-9400 or jocelyn.lahey@oxfordnetworks.net
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May 5, 2016 (Wed)
from 9:30 am-1 pm at Yankee Woodlot, UMaine Extension Office, 7 County Rd,
Skowhegan. Invasive Forest Pests & Invasive Plants. FMI and to register:
Somerset SWCD, 474-0638 or info@somersetswcd.org
Tree Pest Information Session. Wednesday, May 11th, Surry, ME, 7-9
pm. Surry Garden Club. Rural Hall. Presented by Allison Kanoti,
Maine Forest Service. FMI Contact the Surry Garden Club.
Spruce Budworm Forum. Wednesday, May 25th, Lee ME, 5-7pm.
Join Lee Academy Teacher Susan
Linscott and her students for a forum on spruce budworm. Speakers will include
Allison Kanoti, Forest Entomologist and Terri Coolong, District Forester from
the Maine Department of Agriculture, Conservation and Forestry’s Maine Forest
Service.
Conditions Report No. 1, 2016
On-line: http://maine.gov/dacf/mfs/publications/condition_reports.html
Department of Agriculture Conservation & Forestry
Maine Forest Service - Forest Health and Monitoring
Contributors: Charlene Donahue, Allison Kanoti
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