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Using the 5C Model to Address COVID-19 Vaccine Resistant Behaviors
Sarah de Ruiter MA, BSN, RN
Jennifer Crooker BSPH, CHES
Vaccines save lives, but too many people are still reluctant to get the COVID-19 vaccine. Vaccine hesitancy is a major public health crisis, with complex roots that often have behavioral underpinnings. In fact, the World Health Organization named vaccine hesitancy as one of the ten threats to global health even before the COVID-19 pandemic. Rates of communicable respiratory illnesses are lower in warmer months, but typically rise again in the fall. Preparedness includes increasing vaccine confidence and uptake to minimize the spread of disease during outbreaks.
Vaccine supply is abundant in the U.S., suggesting that vaccine hesitancy and attitudes toward vaccination play a greater role than supply in lower uptake rates. Vaccine hesitant individuals often cite concerns about efficacy and side effects, bolstered by misinformation and/or lack of trust in government and medical systems. Respectful conversations about vaccine hesitancy are informed by understanding individuals’ motivations, emotions, and personal values. The 5C model suggests five personal level determinants for vaccine hesitancy: Confidence, Complacency, Constraints, risk Calculation, and Collective responsibility.
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Confidence in the Safety of Vaccines: Start by addressing confidence. People believing in the safety, efficacy, and importance of vaccination is crucial.
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Complacency: Many people believe they will never get infected, and that since they have not contracted COVID-19 up to this point, the risk is not that high. Addressing complacency through repeated risk communication is essential in facilitating informed decision making.
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Constraints: People will come if vaccines are offered in a convenient way. How easy or difficult it is for people to be vaccinated (e.g., accessibility, childcare, time off from work), varies for different groups.
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Calculation: People need timely, accurate information to calculate their level of risk. Misinformation can spread more rapidly than infection. Public health communicators should “be first, be right, be credible.” Addressing misinformation is critical. People are searching for information to inform their decisions. Their risk/benefit analysis will depend on the sources they rely upon.
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Collective Responsibility: People are often driven by a desire to protect their loved ones and communities. Some will get vaccinated despite being hesitant due to an altruistic sense of social responsibility. In contrast, others state they would rather not be vaccinated, and be protected by those around them who are.
Public health can help strengthen local agencies to mobilize communities by addressing the five Cs of vaccine hesitancy. Using tailored, appealing, culturally competent, and multilingual messages gives public health communicators the best chance of success.
Resources:
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Resources to share for Pet Preparedness Month
June is National Pet Preparedness Month — a time to remember that all cherished pets and service animals, are an important consideration when responding to or planning for an emergency or disaster.
Furry and feathered friends are often considered members of the family and should receive the same level of preparedness dedicated to the rest of household. The primary steps to prepare pets for unexpected emergencies include:
1. Making a plan.
2. Building an emergency kit.
3. Staying informed.
Making a plan includes knowing what to do with a pet during an evacuation, knowing which friends or relatives will care for your pets if you are unable, and making sure to have animals microchipped or have contact information available, should they become lost or injured.
More information can be found on Ready.gov/pets, including downloadable brochures in both English and Spanish.
Be sure to make plans for ALL pets.
Building an emergency kit - Michigan State Police Emergency Management and Homeland Security recommends the following items be kept in a pet emergency preparedness kit:
- Food (the pet's regular food).
- Water.
- Leash and collar.
- Bowls for food or water.
- A photo of pet or ID and a photo of you with your pet.
- Medications pets may need.
- Updated immunization (like rabies) and veterinary records.
- First Aid Kit.
- Contact list of pet-friendly hotels, veterinarians, and out-of-town friends and family.
- Toys, ropes and sanitation bags.
- Pet carriers.
Also, be sure to keep kits or emergency items in a safe and easily accessible place.
Stay informed of conditions and know how you will receive emergency alerts and warnings.
Always remember, it isn't safe for you, it isn't safe for your pets.
Pets left behind in a disaster can easily be lost. Photos can help identify who belongs to who.
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Additional information regarding pet and animal emergency preparedness:
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Frequently Asked Questions about Service Animals and the Americans with Disabilities Act
The Animals and the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) website includes many helpful questions and answers. such as:
Q: What is a service animal?
A: Under the ADA, a service animal is defined as a dog that has been individually trained to do work or perform tasks for an individual with a disability. The task(s) performed by the dog must be directly related to the person’s disability.
Multiple questions and answers are provided about service animals, under the following topics:
- Definition of a Service Animal
- General Rules
- Certification and Registration
- Breeds
- Exclusion of Service animals
- Miscellaneous
- Resources
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Hospital Supply Chain: Strategies for Supplying the Hands that Heal Acquiring and Securing Medical Equipment in Today's Hospital Environment
In support of improving patient care, this live webcast event has been planned and implemented by Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine and Bureau of Emergency Preparedness, EMS and Systems of Care.
The course will take place on July 18 from 3 p.m. - 4:30 p.m. EMS, Social Worker, Nursing Home Administrator, Nursing and Physician credits are available.
Course ID: 1108310
2023 Rural and Ready Conference
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This conference aims to enhance the response capabilities of both American and Canadian First Responders, Medical Providers, and all others involved in emergency planning and response in rural communities. Nursing and EMS CEs are pending at this time.
This conference will be held August 2 and 3 at the Kewadin Casino Hotel in Sault Ste. Marie, MI.
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The Guardian of Public Health is a monthly newsletter from the Bureau of Emergency Preparedness, EMS and Systems of Care (BEPESoC), within the Michigan Department of Health and Human Services (MDHHS). The Guardian aims to provide readers with relevant content on topics that affect the public health of Michigan's citizens and communities.
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This publication was supported by Cooperative Agreement number 1NU90TP922062-01-00, funded by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Its contents are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention or the Department of Health and Human Services.
Bureau of Emergency Preparedness, EMS and Systems of Care | 1001 Terminal Rd, Lansing, MI 48906 | 517-335-8150
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